How many different shades of composite do you need to create appealing restorations in virtually every clinical situation?

If you opt for CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES-2 Universal shade concept, a few shades will do the trick.

Check out the video and discover how only two shades (UL and UD) can be an answer to all of your restorations in the aesthetically more demanding anterior region.

That’s what we call Intelligent Simplification.

Do you prefer a biomimetic approach to treating your patients’ sensitivities?

TEETHMATE™ DESENSITIZER naturally solves virtually every sensitivity issue by creating hydroxyapatite.

Here is what the evaluators of REALITY Ratings & Reviews have to say after testing the exceptional product.

Read the report to learn more!

Content Highlights:

• Product overview
• Strengths and Weaknesses
• Manufacturer's page

Start Reading: REALITY | RATINGS & REVIEWS | TEETHMATE™ DESENSITIZER

How many different shades of composite do you need to create appealing restorations in virtually every clinical situation?

If you opt for CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES-2 Universal shade concept, a few shades will do the trick.

Check out the video and see that 1 single universal shade (U) can successfully be the go-to solution for all of your posterior restorations, independent of the colour of the underlying and adjacent tooth structure.

That’s what we call Intelligent Simplification.

New bottle design for an even more convenient handling.

PANAVIA™ V5 is the strongest and most aesthetic resin cement Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. has ever developed. This does not leave much room for improvement. Nevertheless, Kuraray Noritake Dental has found a way to make this excellent cementation system even better. By changing the bottle design of PANAVIA™ V5 Tooth Primer and CLEARFIL™ CERAMIC PRIMER PLUS, the company provides for simplified handling, improved hygiene and minimized material waste.

The new bottles have a compact body and a flip-top cap designed for easy opening, dispensing and closing with just one hand. A unique nozzle is responsible for controlled dispensing of the tooth primer and the ceramic primer, which leads to minimal material waste during application. Drop control also leaves the surfaces clean after use, which facilitates hygiene measures that are now more important than ever before. Together, these design features make the dental practitioner’s life a lot easier in the busy practice environment, while providing for clean and safe dental procedures that support a high quality of care.

An exceptionally high quality of care is already a major reason for dental practitioners around the world to opt for PANAVIA™ V5: the true dual-cure, fluoride-releasing, colour-stable, universal resin cement provides self-cure dentin bond strengths that are equal to those achieved by CLEARFIL™ SE BOND, a gold-standard light-curing bonding agent. The exceptionally high bond strengths obtained not only on dentin, but also on enamel in the self-cure mode are due to innovative catalysts in the MDP-based PANAVIA™ V5 Tooth Primer. The also MDP-based CLEARFIL™ CERAMIC PRIMER PLUS, on the other side, develops an exceptionally strong and long-lasting bond to all silica-based ceramics, zirconia, composites and metals.This makes PANAVIA™ V5 the go-to solution for all types of indirect restorations.

On top of that, PANAVIA™ V5 exceeds the aesthetic expectations of its users as it comes in five beautiful shades that are colour-stable over time, and create beautiful margins. Predicting the final aesthetic outcome is easy with the aid of five matching try-in pastes. With the newly designed primer bottles, the cementation system offers an even more convenient handling and hygienic use than it used to, while maintaining its strengths related to clinical performance.

Would you like to skip shade matching in direct posterior restorative procedures? You can, with CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES-2 Universal.

See what the REALITY Evaluators have to say about the innovative product with a single posterior shade!

Read the report to learn more!

Content Highlights:

• Product overview
• Strengths and Weaknesses
• Manufacturer's page

Start Reading: REALITY | RATINGS & REVIEWS | CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES-2 Universal

Innovation and workflow simplification made possible

In this edition of BOND, we're shining a spotlight on the innovation and workflow simplification made possible by high-quality products like our "KATANA™ Zirconia" range.

In an interview with Atsushi Matsumoto and Yuta Tajima about KATANA™ Zirconia YML these experts explain the benefits of this new material possessing different concentrations of yttria in a single blank, and highlight how its multi-layered nature allows practitioners to work with a nearly universal zirconia suitable for all cases.

Mathias Fernandez Lombardi has contributed an excellent article detailing the science behind "KATANA™ Zirconia", Kuraray Noritake Dental's brand new 4.4.1. kit is introduced and last, but certainly not least, Dr Stefano Daniele details his experiences with KATANA™ Cleaner.

Click here to read. Enjoy!

Start Reading: BOND | VOLUME 8 | 12/2021

Previous versions:

BOND | SPECIAL EDITION | 06/2021

BOND | VOLUME 7 | 10/2020

In July 2021, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. introduced KATANA™ Zirconia YML (yttria multi-layered). With KATANA™ Zirconia UTML, STML, and HTML PLUS already available, it is the fourth multi-layered zirconia in the company’s portfolio – and for dental technicians striving for simplification and standardization, it is the only zirconia they will need.

Its inner structure is different from the other options in that it features the next generation multi-layer technology with not only colour, but also translucency and flexural strength gradation. This makes KATANA™ Zirconia YML a true all-rounder covering every zirconia indication. While translucency and flexural strength gradation is key property differentiating KATANA™ Zirconia YML from other zirconia options within the KATANA™ Zirconia Multi-Layered Series, there are many factors that differentiate it from other materials in the market. One important point is its perfect adjustment to Kuraray Noritake Dental’s specialized products for polishing, staining, glazing and porcelain veneering. In order to learn more about the differentiating factors, we had a conversation with Antonio Corradi, Scientific Marketing Manager at Kuraray Noritake Dental.

Antonio Corradi, who should consider using KATANA™ Zirconia YML?

Offering strength and translucency exactly where needed in the blank, KATANA™ Zirconia YML is suitable for the whole range of indications from crowns to monolithic long-span bridges. With these properties, it is the perfect choice for anyone who would like to use one single zirconia for the production of any kind of ceramic restoration. Instead of playing with different blanks depending on the indication and patient-specific needs, the increasing fan base of KATANA™ Zirconia YML uses the same zirconia every time, and plays with the position of the restoration in the blank to make it particularly strong or translucent.

KATANA™ Zirconia YML: layers and their translucency and flexural strength values.

What are the finishing options available for users of KATANA™ Zirconia YML within the Kuraray Noritake Dental product portfolio?

Kuraray Noritake Dental offers a well-aligned portfolio of feldspathic ceramics for various finishing techniques. Purely natural aesthetics are obtained by full porcelain layering. The framework is milled from KATANA™ Zirconia YML and afterwards, different layers of CERABIEN™ ZR Shade Base Porcelain, Opacious Body, Body and Enamel Porcelain, Internal Stain and Luster Porcelain are applied and fixed in various bakes. For morphological corrections and final polishing, suitable products from Kuraray Noritake Dental like Noritake Meister Finish Point and Pearl Surface Z are available.

However, a highly aesthetic zirconia like KATANA™ Zirconia YML usually does not require such a complex finishing approach. Instead, a micro cut-back on the vestibular side of the restoration or even a monolithic design with a thin or ultra-thin layer of (liquid) ceramics is sufficient. For the micro-layering approach, we offer a set of CERABIEN™ ZR Internal Stain and Luster Porcelain materials that are usually applied in a two-step procedure. The occlusal and lingual surfaces not covered by porcelain are merely polished e.g. with Pearl Surface Z. For the further simplified ultra-microlayering approach, CERABIEN™ ZR FC Paste Stain is the perfect choice. The liquid ceramic is able to create texture and a 3D effect on the monolithic surface without adding too much volume to call for a reduction of the zirconia.

Purely natural aesthetics are achieved with a complex combination of porcelains.

For highly aesthetic zirconia like KATANA™ Zirconia YML, a simplified micro-layering approach is usually sufficient.

An even more simplified approach is ultra-microlayering on monolithic surfaces with liquid ceramics such as CERABIEN™ ZR FC Paste Stain.

Which of these finishing approaches do you recommend to users of KATANA™ Zirconia YML?

All three approaches are suitable, and I think that ultra-microlayering is often the best option with a highly aesthetic zirconia, when weighing the time and effort involved against the aesthetics of the outcome. However, a dental technician should always take into account the indication-specific requirements and the needs of the patient (e.g. regarding treatment cost, time available and aesthetic demands), as well as the dentist for the selection of the appropriate material combination and finishing approach. A monolithic design finished with ultra-microlayering is definitely worth a try for those who start working with KATANA™ Zirconia YML!

Are there other materials in the Kuraray Noritake Dental portfolio that perfectly match KATANA™ Zirconia YML?

There are many additional products that are perfect for use with KATANA™ Zirconia YML. One such material is KATANA™ Cleaner, which removes saliva or blood from (zirconia) restorations and from prepared tooth structures after try-in. With its high cleaning effect, it is the ideal product for everyone striving for an optimized bond quality and streamlined adhesive procedures. For adhesive bonding carried out in the laboratory or in the dental office, different types of resin cements are offered by Kuraray Noritake Dental. As some dental practitioners might ask for recommendations regarding cement selection and restoration pretreatment, it is worth knowing these products and their range of indications. For KATANA™ Zirconia, we recommend using the self-adhesive resin cement PANAVIA™ SA Cement Universal for restorations with a retentive design and an adhesive cementation procedure with PANAVIA™ V5 for all other types of zirconia restorations.

Resin cement recommendations depending on the indication, preparation design and margin position.

What else differentiates KATANA™ Zirconia YML from similar materials?

Kuraray Noritake Dental is a true expert in the processing of dental zirconia. This profound knowledge has been leveraged to align the different layers within KATANA™ Zirconia YML with their varying yttria concentrations , so that shrinkage ratios and CTE values are harmonized, and a smooth transition from one layer to the next is achieved. This adjustment is only possible as an end-to-end in-house production process has been established, which provides full control over every detail. Unlike other companies purchasing readily mixed powder, Kuraray Noritake Dental uses natural ores to produce the required metal oxides and its own proprietary additive combination for powder production. In addition, an extremely meticulous pressing process is used to minimize the risk of contamination by airborne particles, and specific ingredients are added to increase blank stability. All this leads to high-quality blanks without transition lines and impurities for well-balanced mechanical and optical properties, a high accuracy of fit, a brilliant surface quality and edge stability, and a high design flexibility users will love.

Why do you recommend KATANA™ Zirconia YML to potential users?

To my mind, the new material is definitely worth testing in the own laboratory environment. It offers many properties that have the potential to reduce the inventory and streamline procedures, without compromising the outcomes. Material selection is simplified, sintering may be accelerated, and finishing becomes a lot easier with the proposed techniques and adjusted materials. However, words alone are not enough to reveal the real difference, which can only be sensed when processing the material and creating impressive outcomes.

"Kuraray Noritake Dental is a true expert in the processing of dental zirconia"

Antonio Corradi during the interview.

Are you looking for a flowable composite that easily adapts to the cavity floor, produces virtually no voids and offers an excellent cure and great polishability?

According to REALITY Ratings & Reviews, CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES Flow is your go-to solution.

Read the review to learn more!

Content Highlights:

• Product overview
• Strengths and Weaknesses
• Manufacturer's page

Start Reading: REALITY | RATINGS & REVIEWS | CLEARFIL MAJESTY™ ES Flow

By PhD. M. Inokoshi.

INTRODUCTION

Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. is a manufacturer with a long history and wealth of experience in the field of producing dental materials, including bonds, cements and ceramics. The all-ceramic restorations market, including that for zirconia products, has been growing rapidly around the world since the beginning of the 2000’s. In response to this trend, we have established an integrated production system that can be used to manufacture a wide range of dental zirconia products in-house, from powder to discs.

When we develop new zirconia products, we carefully analyze the characteristics of dental zirconia that are actually demanded by users in the clinical setting and, based on the results of our analysis, we craft new products with these clinically needed characteristics. In our first efforts we focused on developing a dental zirconia that would have a natural tooth color after sintering. We launched “KATANA™ Zirconia”, our first dental zirconia product to span all the VITA^* Classical A1-D4 shade Guide, in 2007. Following in 2013, using our original manufacturing method, we developed and launched “KATANA™ Zirconia” ML (Multi-Layered), a multi-layered zirconia product that produces smooth color gradations like those of natural teeth, avoiding sharp color transition between layers. Then, in 2015, we also released “KATANA™ Zirconia” UTML (Ultra Translucent Multi-Layered) and STML (Super Translucent Multi- Layered). These are highly translucent, multi-layered zirconia products that became other versions of our multi-layered zirconia family. We are one of the pioneering manufacturers of dental zirconia, and as such, we promise ourselves that we will keep on delivering excellent highly-esthetic dental zirconia products to the dental market now and into the future.

^*VITA is a trademark of VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany.

Recent advancements in dental technology have made it possible to use zirconia as a prosthetic material across a wide variety of dental applications, from large-sized implants where great mechanical strength is required, to treatment in the anterior region, where esthetics are of the utmost importance. The material characteristics needed, however, differ from one treated case to another. Many dental zirconia suppliers respond to these therapeutic requirements by offering various types of dental zirconia that feature different levels of mechanical and esthetic properties. This requires dentists and dental technologists in clinical settings to select, from a wide range, the type of zirconia that will be more better appropriate to treat the case they are facing at any given moment. This means it is necessary for each clinic to keep in stock many types of dental zirconia materials with different characteristics, in order to meet the requirements of the wide variety of possible case parameters.

Several dental material manufacturers have responded to these circumstances by offering dental zirconia disc products that have combinations of multiple layers with different levels of translucency and mechanical strength. They claim these products make materials available that can be used to fabricate a wide range of restorations. These products, however, can have serious shortcomings. Some require laborious manufacturing work, tailored to the fabrication of the particular restoration. Others do not include the required high-strength zirconia layer that makes it possible to fabricate a bridge. These products, therefore, may provide no assurance of providing the mechanical strength recommended by ISO for the manufacture of certain restorations. A market need arose for dental zirconia products that could be used easily and safely for the fabrication of a wide range of restorations.

In response to this need, at Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., we have developed and released “KATANA™ Zirconia” YML(YML), a new type of dental zirconia material that provides the blend of excellent performance variables provided by the “KATANA™ Zirconia” Multi-Layered series. With its well-balanced performance, the YML can be indicated for the fabrication of a wide range of restorations, from large sized ones requiring great mechanical strength to anterior crowns that require a high level of translucency In this paper, we would like to describe YML’s features and the technology behind it. We will also present comparative data collected by Masanao Inokoshi, a professor in the Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, on YML and a similar product from the competition.

FEATURES OF THIS PRODUCT AND THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND IT

Short sintering time

YML can be baked satisfactorily in a short period of time, thanks to our innovative technology. In addition to the conventional sintering schedule of about 7 hours, and even the 90-minute schedule, we have also made it possible to shorten the sintering time further, to a remarkable 54 minutes^*.

^*The material is removed from the furnace at 800°C / 1472°F. Up to 3-unit bridges.

Excellent translucency and great mechanical strength

A YML disc consists of four layers: one Enamel and three Body layers. The top Enamel layer (35% of the total thickness: 750 MPa^*1) is composed of the same zirconia material as “KATANA™ Zirconia” STML, which is highly acclaimed for its excellent translucency. The three Body layers ((1): 1,000 MPa^*1, (2): 1,100 MPa^*1 and (3): 1,100 MPa^*1) that lie below the Enamel layer are made from a new type of zirconia material. Body layer (1) is an intermediate layer that has the desirable translucence of STML. It includes, however, a well-balanced combination of translucency and mechanical strength suitable for the treatment of cases, such as those requiring bridges, which demand these notable characteristics. Body layers (2) and (3) provide the high level of mechanical strength of “KATANA™ Zirconia” HTML suitable for the fabrication of large-sized restorations, along with an improved level of translucency. With its well-balanced combination of translucency and mechanical properties, provided by taking advantage of multiple zirconia ceramics, YML is a product that meets the demand for highly esthetic products. It is suitable for the fabrication of the whole range of restorations, from single crowns to bridges.

^*1 : According to ISO 6872: 2015, three-point bending test.

Multi-layer gradation

Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. released our first multi-layered zirconia product in 2013. Subsequently, the company launched zirconia products very much appreciated for their smooth transition of color gradation, much like that of natural teeth. We use our own innovative pressing method to manufacture YML. It smooths the change of colors between layers, which provides the desirable feature of a very smooth and natural color transition.

Reduced deformation after sintering

In general, dental zirconia shrinks during the sintering process by about 20 percent in 2 dimensions (50 percent in volume). If shrinkage cannot be controlled adequately, it becomes difficult to fabricate restorations that fit precisely into complicated abutments or margin lines. The shrinkage of zirconia materials varies subtly from one production lot to another, even when the same raw material is used. We appropriate raw material control such as raw material crushing etc., using different sintering shrinkage rates for different production lots. In view of the fact that the sintering shrinkage of zirconia materials requires delicate control, it is not hard to understand that shrinkage control is even more difficult when different zirconia materials are combined into one disc. If the shrinkage rates of the layers of a zirconia disc differ, the restoration will necessarily be deformed during shrinkage. Many users voiced particular concerns about dimensional stability when they were asked about using zirconia discs (which require high precision) for the fabrication of implants. Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. has an integrated production system that is used to manufacture zirconia products in-house, from the design and manufacture of zirconia powder as a raw material to final products, thus making it possible for us to control the shrinkage rate of zirconia with great accuracy. For this reason, we are able to use zirconia materials with stably controlled shrinkage rates to manufacture YML, even though it consists of multilayers made up of different zirconia materials. This minimizes deformation of restorations after shrinkage.

RESULTS OF A VERIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF YML AND A REVIEW OF ITS CLINICAL ADVANTAGES

To verify the physical properties of YML, the translucence, mechanical strength and crystalline structure of YML and ZirCAD Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent) were analyzed and compared with one another at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University. Among the physical properties examined, this paper focuses especially on data on the translucency and mechanical strength of each product.

Data on translucency:

Different alphabets indicate a definite difference between groups.

Data Courtesy of PhD. Masanao Inokoshi, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

The translucency of ZirCAD Prime was significantly higher than that of YML, when a comparison was made at the Enamel layer. This is probably because Prime contains almost no pigment in the Enamel layer, in order to bring out the brightness (whiteness) of the zirconia itself. By contrast, YML contains some pigment, so the product can deliver an optimal level of brightness in the clinical setting. That is, it seems that the addition of pigments leads to a difference in translucency between YML and Prime.

Data collected at Kuraray Noritake Dental on the relative translucency of YML and Prime

Total light transmittance (%) (Illuminant: D65; test specimens with a diameter of 30 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm) Raw material in YML’s Enamel layer (no coloring agent): 49% Prime’s Enamel layer: 49%.

Regarding the layers lying beneath the Enamel, such as the Transition and Body layers, YML was found to be more translucent than Prime. It can be concluded that YML is sufficiently translucent even beneath the layers lying beyond the Enamel layer. This makes it possible to fabricate prostheses with natural tooth colors, when used in combination with an Enamel layer that is suitably adjusted to provide the optimum color.

Mechanical strength data as results of four-point bending test:

Different alphabets indicate a definite difference between groups.

Data Courtesy of PhD. Masanao Inokoshi, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

The Enamel layer of YML had a significantly greater bending strength than that of Prime. On the other hand, when the bending strength of the Body layers was compared, Prime’s Body layer was the strongest. The three YML Body layers ((1), (2) and (3)) had bending strength values of more than 850 MPa^*2, and there were no significant differences in bending strength among Prime’s Body layer and YML’s Body layers ((1), (2) and (3)).

The results revealed that while YML has small differences in bending strength among the Enamel layer and the three Body layers, Prime has clearly different levels of bending strength between the Body layer and the other two layers. YML’s Body layers (including the intermediate layer) have such a high level of mechanical strength that it is quite feasible to use it to fabricate highly reliable prostheses.

^*2 : According to ISO 6872: 2015, four-point bending test.

LAYERED DESIGN CONCEPT

The guide for fabricating large restorations using YML states the requirement that at least 50% of the connector cross-section should be positioned in the bottom (lower part) of the disc. This means that generally you can meet the requirement of the guide by positioning the restoration at the center of the disc’s four layers. Guides or advices of restoration fabrication for using zirconia discs available in the market may sometimes be complicated to position the restoration as specified in the guide or to position the piece as specified by the guide, which makes it difficult to fabricate a highly esthetic restoration that makes use of the Enamel layer’s better translucency.

When we developed YML, Kuraray Noritake Dental kept in mind that the fabrication guide must be practical, as well as easy. That’s why YML was designed with a sufficiently thick Enamel layer that permits a high level of esthetics for any type of restoration that might be fabricated.

CONCLUSION

“KATANA™ Zirconia” YML is our new zirconia disc product, which features a well-balanced combination of mechanical strength and esthetics. It has been developed by using our innovative zirconia manufacturing technology, as well as bringing together the essence of the development and production technology of multi-layered zirconia discs. We hope YML will be one of the options of choice for zirconia materials available to dentists and dental technologists who need to use multiple zirconia materials for various applications or who have concerns about the mechanical strength and esthetic properties of the zirconia materials they are currently using.

YML LINEUP

How did experts think about the effectiveness of MDP through the years? You can read about it below.

“In particular, primers and composite cements that contain 10-methacryloyloxy-decyl-dihydrogen-phosphate (10-MDP) resulted in a relatively high bond strength and durability.”

N. Nagaoka et al: “Chemical interaction mechanism of 10-MDP with zirconia” Nature, Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 45563.

“For most zirconia-bonding techniques, the use of an “MDP-containing primer” also appeared to have a positive effect.”

B. van Meerbeek et al: “Meta-analyis of Bonding Effectiveness to Zirconia Ceramics” J. Dent. Res. 93(4), 2014, 329-334.

“Based on the direct interaction of the phosphate-ester group of MDP with the metal oxides at the zirconia surface, a relatively favourable bonding effectiveness was recorded.”

B. van Meerbeek et al: “Durable bonding to mechanically and/or chemically pre-treated dental zirconia”, J. Dent. 41 (2013) 170-179.

“Clinical data provide strong evidence that air-abrasion at a moderate pressure in combination with using phosphate monomer containing primers and/or luting resins provide long-term durable bonding to glass-infiltrated alumina and zirconia ceramic under the humid and stressful oral conditions.”

M. Kern: “Bonding to oxide ceramics-laboratory testing versus clinical outcome”, Dent. Mater. Vol. 31 (1), 2016, 8–14.

“A high and reliable resin bond to alumina and zirconia ceramics was also achieved with airborne particle abrasion and by using a phosphate monomer (MDP) containing resin composite luting cement.”

M. Özcan et al: “Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cements to ceramics”, Dent. Mat. 19, 2003, 725-732.

“In the present study, the use of the MDP-containing bonding/silane agent resulted in significantly higher bond strengths before and after long-term storage and thermal cycling with two types of resin luting agents.”

M.B. Blatz et al: “In vitro evaluation of shear bond strengths of resin to densely-sintered highpurity zirconium-oxide ceramic after long-term storage and thermal cycling”, J. Prosth. Dent. 91, 2004, 356-362.

“Dental zirconia can no longer be considered unbondable to tooth tissue (…) This also indicates that Al2O3 sandblasting is best followed by a chemical pre-treatment with an MDP containing primer.”

M. Inokoshi et al: “Meta-analysis of Bonding Effectiveness to Zirconia Ceramics”, J. Dent. Res. 93(4): 329-334, 2014.

“Airborne-particle abrasion of zirconia surface is one of the most-investigated methods, provides good bond strength to zirconia when combined with phosphate ester monomer.”

M. Ferrari et al: “Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic–resin cement microtensile bond strength”, Dent. Mat. 27, 2011, 1024-1030.

“The data of the present work confirm the assumption of another study [13], that MDP bonds chemically to zirconia ceramic.”

C.H.F. Hämmerle et al: “Effect of thermocycling on bond strength of luting cements to zirconia ceramic”, Dent. Mat. 22, 2006, 195-200.

“An acidic adhesive monomer such as MDP shows chemical bonding to zirconia-based ceramics. The phosphate ester group of the acidic monomer results in chemical bonding to metal oxides (MxOy, oxidized surface of base-metal alloys), zirconia-based ceramics and other ceramics.”

J.M. Powers et al: “Guide to Zirconia Bonding Essentials”, New York, NY: Kuraray America Inc, 2009, 1-13.